Robinhood Prediction Markets vs Kalshi

In 2013, Stanford roommates Vlad Tenev and Baiju Bhatt, who had previously built high-frequency trading software in New York, launched Robinhood from a cramped Menlo Park office with a single radical pitch: zero-commission stock trading. Traditional brokerages scoffed, assuming payment for order flow (PFOF) could never replace $10 trade fees, but Robinhood's sleek smartphone interface unlocked a flood of young retail investors. By the time the GameStop short squeeze hit in January 2021, Robinhood had forced every major broker in America to drop commissions. Yet, when clearinghouse collateral demands forced Tenev to temporarily freeze buying on meme stocks on January 28, 2021, the firm suffered an existential crisis, losing $2 billion in market value overnight and enduring brutal Congressional hearings that nearly destroyed retail trust.

The operational pivot toward event trading began in late 2024 as Tenev sought new high-margin revenue streams unencumbered by SEC scrutiny over stock PFOF. Recognizing that retail traders were flocking to off-brokerage platforms like Polymarket to speculate on the presidential election, Robinhood quietly struck a clearing and routing agreement with CFTC-regulated exchange ForecastEx (a subsidiary of Interactive Brokers) in October 2024. Operating under ForecastEx's federal licensing umbrella, Robinhood introduced presidential election contracts directly into its main trading app just one week before Election Day. In under 120 hours, over 200 million event contracts were traded by retail accounts, proving that Robinhood's 24 million active balance-holders could instantly generate liquidity rivaling crypto-native prediction markets.

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Tarek Mansour grew up in Algeria and came to MIT on a scholarship. Luana Lopes Lara grew up in Brazil, the daughter of a schoolteacher, and danced at an elite ballet academy affiliated with the Bolshoi before choosing mathematics. They met in an MIT classroom, ended up in many of the same courses, co-authored papers, and interned at the same firms — Mansour at Goldman Sachs and Citadel, Lara at Bridgewater and Citadel. What they observed across those firms was the same thing: an enormous amount of financial decision-making was being driven by opinions about future events, but there was no clean, direct way to trade on those events. You could trade the equity of a company that would be affected by an election result, but you could not trade the election result itself. In 2018, they founded Kalshi to close that gap. The approach was different from every prediction market before them: instead of operating offshore, accepting cryptocurrency, or relying on a fragile regulatory no-action letter, Kalshi would become a fully licensed US exchange. They joined Y Combinator in 2019 and spent the next two years in direct negotiation with the CFTC — a process that had never been completed by a prediction market operator.

The CFTC approval came in November 2020, making Kalshi a Designated Contract Market — the highest regulatory designation available and the same category as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. Mansour and Lara were among the youngest founders to win CFTC approval in over a decade. The platform launched its first contract in July 2021. Sequoia Capital led a $30 million Series A. Henry Kissinger and Robert Shiller joined as advisors. The 2024 presidential election was the inflection point: over $800 million was wagered on political markets. When the CFTC under the Biden administration moved to block Kalshi's election markets — arguing they were contrary to the public interest — Lara made the call to sue the federal government. "The only option," she later said, "was to sue." Kalshi won in federal court in September 2024. The ruling opened election markets. Sports markets followed. $238 billion in annual trading volume followed that.

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